Oliver Pillard model #2, New Britain Bank Lock Co., New Britain,
Connecticut
View of the movement with the case door and two side panels removed.
The Pillard movement is one of the more complex in terms of the number of wheels
and its double frame construction. The rear view shows the interconnected set of
functions that are set when the operator winds up the main spring.
One can see in the first photo the layering of the wheel trains.
These three photos show the Pillard movement's double frame construction.
Conventional movements are single frame, that means all the wheel works are
supported between two parallel plates held together by pillars, also known as a
plate and spacer configuration. A double frame contains an additional movement
plate either between the main plates, as is the case here (see white arrows), or
above or below the main plates. Notice too the nicely turned pillars that hold
the extra plate in place. The last photo shows part of the upper portion of the
third plate within the circled are and sandwiched between the two outer plates. The additional plate holds the escapements:
the two balance wheels, lever escapements and escape wheels. This is the only time lock
movement this author has seen which uses lantern type pinions rather than
conventional solid pinions common in clockwork made at this time. The movement
is only jeweled at the balance wheel pivots with the balance wheels themselves
being a solid brass ring with no temperature compensation or poising screws.
These features were commonly found in the pocket watch industry which is why one
found extensive jewelling and higher-grade balance wheels in time locks that had
movements supplied by E. Howard and other watch makers. In reality it is
questionable whether these features were really needed in a time lock which did
not have the environmental challenges of a pocket watch.
Later patent dated for a similar model.
The Pillard time lock was not an easy one to operate. Beginning with the safe
open, one winds and sets the time lock. Then with the door still open the bolt
work is thrown shut, the power reserve catch on the side is raised until it
holds, the bolt work is reopened, the safe door closed, and the bolt work thrown
shut. If the minimum twenty-four hour power reserve is met, the reserve catch
falls to rest on the release slide, blocking the bolt. Since the safe might seem
locked at this point but is not time locked due to insufficient winding, some
Pillards, as does this one, have a notice embossed on the door to wind the lock every day.
¹
Pillard model #2, c. 1875. New Britain Bank Lock introduced their Oliver Pillard-designed time lock in 1875, the model #1. Based on two forty-eight hour
(this example) or fifty six hour high quality un-jeweled movements made by Laporte Hubbell, Forestville, Connecticut. Shortly after the introduction of
their first model, three subsequent models were introduced nearly
simultaneously. Those models all used a second style of clock movement than that
used in the first model but was also made by Laporte Hubbell. While using the
same movement each subsequent model had slightly differing bolt dogging
configurations and case designs. The Pillard was the first to feature power
reserve indicators that would prevent the lock from closing with less than
twenty-four hours power remaining. Such a power reserve indicator (albeit
without low-power anti-locking) wouldn't be seen again until Yale's B, C, D and
E models of 1888. The unusually elaborate scroll engraving was expensive, even
for the time, and is similar to that found on high grade Parker Brothers
shotguns from the same period. Parker shotguns of the late 1870's were made in
Meridian, Connecticut, less than ten miles south of New Britain, and it is quite
possible that the same craftsmen decorated this time lock.
New Britain's Pillard lock was quite successful and some 170 were made
and installed by 1877. This success made them a prime target for patent
litigation from the Yale Lock Manufacturing Company. At this time many makers
had issued letters and flyers claiming patent rights and identifying other time
lock makers as selling infringing designs, but none had ever brought suit. In
response makers commonly offered to repurchase their time locks and indemnify
banks for any costs, should their time locks be ruled infringing. A landmark
decision involving Yale and the City National Bank of Bridgeport in 1877 favored
Yale and issued a permanent injunction against New Britain Bank Lock from
producing its time lock, the firm was forced to reimburse City national Bank for
the Pillard time lock. Although this single decision was small, both Yale and
Fredric North, the owner of New Britain, realized its sweeping consequences: any
bank that Yale could locate with a Pillard time lock could be forced to remove
the lock. As part of an aggressive campaign, Yale offered to sell these banks
their Yale Double Pin Dial
locks at a reduced price if they surrendered their "infringing" Pillard time
locks to Yale. Many banks accepted these terms and Yale promptly melted down the
the Pillard time locks they received, making the Pillard among the rarest time
locks today.
The visual beauty and rarity of of the Pillard make these some of the most
coveted and expensive collectible time locks. North and new Britain continued for a while, but with New Britain
not being incorporated, the mounting losses were being passed directly to North,
and he was soon forced to close his doors. (1) A
model example of how Yale and Sargent and Greenleaf used litigation to crush
competitors.
There are seven other Pillard time locks known to exist. A gold-plated
damascened example of the model #2 survives in the Science Museum London, and a
nickel plated one in the Harry
Miller Collection, (see first photo below) and one in LIPS Lock maker Collection,
Amsterdam. An example of the
model #1, later gold plated, is in the Mossman collection located in the General
Society of Mechanics and Tradesman Museum, New York City, last two photos below,
and a nickel plated version in a private collection. One other example of a the
model #3 is known located in the Lock Museum of America, second photo below, and one
discovered in 2023, with nickel plated case and full engraving on the movement
front plate matching the lock body is described in this author's collection. The model #2 illustrated on this
page is the same lock
as illustrated in the American Genius Nineteenth Century
Bank Locks and Time Locks, pp. 188-189. 6"h x 9"w x 2 5/8"d, case #170,
movement unnumbered.
file 183
The first photo below shows a Pillard Model 1 in the Harry Miller collection.
The next photo is a Pillard model #3 which was a low profile model designed for
use in safes with tighter bolt works. Possibly a special order design with gold plated
finish remains today as part of the collection at the Lock Museum of America,
Terryville, Connecticut, second, third photo. This looks to be a salesman sample in a
wood case. (see below).
¹
A second Model 3 example was found in 2023 in a silver cased,
full split window
design.
The last two photos show a gold plated Pillard Model 1 in The General
Society of Mechanics and Tradesman Museum, New York City.
Pillard Model 1, Harry Miller Collection, Nicholasville, KY
Pillard Model 3, Lock Museum of America, Terryville, Connecticut.
This is the only other example of a Pillard that had decoration on the front
movement plate, it is a milled damascene design that appears to match that
of the case. Pillard Model 3, Lock Museum of America, Terryville,
Connecticut.
Example from the LIPS collection, Netherlands.
Pillard Model 1, Mossman Collection, The General Society of Mechanics and
Tradesman Museum, New York City.
(1)American Genius Nineteenth Century Bank Locks and Time Locks,
David Erroll & John Erroll, pp. 186-189